尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响

水分和氮素管理对提高作物产量具有重要作用。笔者研究尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响以达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。本研究在2016—2017年开展2年完全随机区组设计试验,讨论了尿素类型（普通尿素和控释尿素）及灌溉对玉米土壤和氮素利用的影响。每种尿素类型设置2种氮素水平,分别为75、150 kg N/hm ²,以不施氮肥为对照。水分设置2种灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水和灌浆阶段灌水85 mm。结果表明：在灌溉与施氮水平相同下,0~40 cm土层应用控释尿素处理氮含量较高,但在更深的土壤层低于普通尿素处理;相对于不灌溉,灌溉增加了硝态氮的损失,但施用控释尿素的处理硝态氮损失低于施用普通尿素处理;灌溉条件下施用控释尿素可以提高玉米氮素吸收,并使更多的氮向籽粒中转移;与普通尿素相比,控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率,降低土壤对氮需求的依赖。控释尿素低氮的释放可以减少硝态氮在土壤中的存留时间而迅速被玉米吸收,从而降低硝态氮的损失风险,提高了土壤氮肥利用效率。综上,控释尿素与少量灌溉相结合适用于华北半湿润地区达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。     

基于多项Logit模型的牧户生计资本对生计策略选择影响的实证研究

为探究牧户生计资本对生计策略影响,识别牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本和生计资本指标,以便引导牧民调整生计结构,提高草原治理能力。以内蒙古自治区5种草原类型15个旗（县）848户牧户为样本,运用熵值法评估牧户生计资本,建立多项Logit回归模型,识别影响牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本。研究区牧户生计资本值为1.428;4类生计策略牧户生计资本存量为纯牧性>牧兼性>兼牧性>非牧性,P< 0.01;5种草原类型牧户生计资本存量为草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原>沙地草原>草原化荒漠,P<0.01。牧户以牧业收入和政府转移收入为主,纯牧性生计策略为首选的策略;金融资本存量是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本,对牧户由纯牧性向牧兼性、兼牧性和非牧性生计策略转化均具有显著负向影响。牧户家庭承包草地资源、使用草地资源和家庭总收入是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本指标。     

Influence of larval and juvenile life history on age at first maturity in two tropical amphidromous fish species

This study investigates how age at first maturity of two tropical amphidromous species Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas, 1770) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (Guichenot, 1863) varies in relation to their larval and juvenile life history. Reproductive stage was estimated based on histological observation of ovaries of more than 200 females of each species caught monthly over 1 year. The age of fish was estimated by interpreting the daily increments deposited on otoliths during the oceanic larval phase, and the juvenile phase in the river. The age at first maturity was approximately 9 months for S. lagocephalus and 7 months for C. acutipinnis, corresponding to approximately 70–130 and 90–130 days after they returned to freshwater respectively. For both species, the time spent in freshwater before maturity was significantly influenced by the duration of the pelagic larval stage at sea (PLD) and the season of return in freshwater. Individuals with a long PLD, or returning in freshwater during the warmer season, maturated faster once in freshwater. This reproductive advantage may minimise the risk of extirpation due to catastrophic events at each generation and thus probably benefits amphidromous species living in very unpredictable tropical rivers.     

直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫和复水的响应及适应策略

以直立型扁蓿豆[Medicago ruthenica（L.）Sojak.cv.Zhilixing]为材料，于苗期连续干旱处理12 d后复水4 d，研究直立型扁蓿豆幼苗形态结构特征、生理代谢及生物量分配对干旱胁迫及复水的响应，揭示直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应策略。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间延长，直立型扁蓿豆叶片气孔开放率逐渐降低，处理9 d后气孔及表皮细胞密度比正常浇水处理（CK）分别增加48.5%和36.6%，形成小而密的表皮细胞和气孔。生理上，除MDA含量随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加外，其余指标均先升高后降低，干旱胁迫9 d时达最高，SOD、POD、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸分别较CK提高88.9%、111.2%、86.7%、140.5%、147.8%和124.6%。同时，生物量随胁迫时间的延长先增大后减小，于干旱胁迫9 d达最大值，比CK增加16.4%，总的分配格局表现出地上生物量投资高于地下，地下生物量投资比例随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加，而地上生物量变化与其相反。复水后各指标均能恢复至CK水平或超过CK，表现出极强的复水敏感性和潜在恢复能力。该品种扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应主要分为3个时期：主动适应期，其生理参数的可塑性指数为形态参数的1.33倍，主要通过抗氧化及渗透调节来减少水分散失增加水分吸收、缓解氧化伤害以适应干旱逆境；被动适应期，其形态参数的可塑性指数为生理参数的1.31倍，主要采用牺牲生物量的生存策略以及降低色素含量减少光吸收的光保护机制来提高逆境下的生存能力；复水恢复期，根冠比、气孔开放率、气孔及表皮细胞密度比CK分别增加25.9%、29.7%、24.2%和16.3%，其较高的根冠比和叶片较高的气孔开放率及小而密的气孔及表皮细胞特征，保证了直立型扁蓿豆吸水能力以及水分运输效率的迅速恢复。综上，直立型扁蓿豆抗旱能力较强，能够通过形态生理的改变以及调整不同器官的生物量分配来应对与适应干旱逆境及复水，且在不同处理阶段采取不同的适应策略以达到生存目的。     

种植密度对滴灌马铃薯生长、产量的影响

为了了解耕培土滴灌条件下种植密度对马铃薯生长、产量以及水分利用效率的影响.试验共设密度分别为7.28×10⁴ 株/hm²(RS25),6.67×10⁴ 株/hm²(RS35),5.55×10⁴ 株/hm²(CK)3个处理.结果表明:随着种植密度的增加,株高、茎粗、干物质积累量以及商品薯率均有降低的趋势;产量、水分利用效率随种植密度的增加表现出先增大后减少,其中RS35处理产量和水分利用效率均表现最高,分别达到47 325 kg/hm²和12.05 kg/m³;在马铃薯品质方面,种植密度对马铃薯粗蛋白含量的影响不具有统计学意义;淀粉和维生素C随着密度的大幅增加而降低,其中RS25处理的淀粉较CK降低了5.57%,RS25处理的维生素C较CK降低了7.96%,同时RS35与CK处理不具有统计学意义.综上所述,种植密度为6.67×10⁴ 株/hm²的RS35处理马铃薯高产优质,且水分利用效率最高,为黑龙江地区滴灌马铃薯较为适宜的种植密度.     

支管射流三通结构优化与试验

为了提高支管射流三通水力性能,改善滴灌的灌水均匀性,基于CFX数值模拟技术,对进口宽度为15 mm的支管射流三通进行结构优化.选取位差、劈距、劈尖半径和侧壁倾角为影响因素,通过四因素三水平正交设计了9组模型,边界条件设定为进口压力100 kPa.选取支管射流三通出口设计流量为评价标准,支管射流三通最优结构尺寸为位差5.5 mm、劈距113 mm、劈尖半径13 mm、侧壁倾角10°.此结构尺寸参数下的支管射流三通水力性能试验结果表明:在进口水压为100 kPa时,支管射流三通脉冲频率为148次/min,水头压力振幅为37.9 kPa,水头压力损失为16.7 kPa,出口流量为0.698 L/s;支管射流三通所接滴灌带长度为60 m时,与普通支管三通相比,支管射流三通的灌水均匀系数提高了2.78%,流量偏差率降低了4.72%.该研究可为射流技术在脉冲滴灌系统的研究、开发与应用提供理论依据.     

Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Differential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.     

不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树叶面积和产量的影响

以陕西榆林山地矮化密植梨枣树为研究对象,分析了不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树生育期内叶面积指数、果实发育和产量的影响。结果表明,不同水肥处理叶面积指数在枣树果实膨大期达到高峰,且稳定持续至果实成熟期末期,随后叶面积指数开始下降。叶面积指数随着萌芽展叶期灌水量的增加而增加,所有水肥处理下,枣数叶面积指数最大的是高水中肥处理(W1N2)；所有处理中,高水、低水处理与低肥相组合,果实体积最大,中灌水处理为不施肥时果实的体积最大。单位枝长的果实数目最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),最低的是低水处理(W3),在一定范围内,适当施肥能促进枣果单位枝长的果实数目的增加,但肥液浓度过大,反而会抑制其增加。在一定条件下,所有处理中产量最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),产量超过2000kg/亩,最低的是低水高肥处理(W3N1),产量不到1000kg/亩。因此可以选择中水中肥处理(W2N2),能获得最高的产量。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。